Corrie Ten Boom Of The Holocaust - 973 Words

Corrie Ten Boom is the daughter of a popular watchmaker and christian living in Holland during the beginning of Hitler, the Nazis, and hatred against Jews. The Ten Boom’s, however, always do the right thing and help anyone in need. Before their mother died, their household was always full of poor neighbors needing food or tea or anything else they could provide. This kindness continues into the beginning of the Holocaust. Corrie begins to join an underground system, involved with helping and sheltering Jews. At first, she was just trying to get some to different places where they would be safe, however. Corrie got so involved that the watch shop, called the Beje. became the center. She had monthly deliveries of food ration card, new Jews would show up to her door almost weekly, and the rest of the people involved in the underground had a secret code or phone calls, revolving around watch-talk. Eventually, Corrie could not find a place or a man, so he ended up living with the T en Booms. They ended building a secret room with an elaborate warning system installed. They had many Jews living in that room, but little did she know that the entire town knew of her work in the underground and o the Jews in her house. Corrie ended up being caught and taken to prison, along with her father and sister. Corrie kept her with all this time, which helped her make it through. Eventually, after finding out that her father has died in prison, Corrie and her sister get to see the rest ofShow MoreRelatedThe Hiding Place By Corrie Ten Boom1493 Words   |  6 Pageswitness and a testimony of Corrie Ten Boom’s memoir, The Hiding Place is a heart-wrenching film that demonstrates how one family’s faith, courage and bravery impacted the lives of dozens while facing grave circumstances, and obstacles while they are forcefully imprisoned and sent to live in Nazi concentration camps for attempting to shed a light and resolve an injustice. Throughout this paper, I will be highlighting what I found to be the overarching theme of Corrie Ten Boom’s memoir, following immediatelyRead MoreThe Hiding Place Essay732 Words   |  3 PagesThe Inspiring Legacy of Corrie ten Boom â€Å"We must tell people, Corrie. We must tell them what we learned,† said Betsie. The Hiding Place, by Corrie ten Boom, is the biography of a woman in Holland during the Holocaust. The book starts out in 1937, in Haarlem, Holland. Corrie and her family were Christians who hid Jews from persecution by the German soldiers. Corrie was forced to make decisions and take actions all throughout different periods in her life. When her mother fell ill, she learned toRead MoreCorrie Ten Boom : The Woman Who Forgave1198 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Corrie ten Boom: The Woman Who Forgave† Before May of 1940, Cornelia Arnolda Johanna ten Boom would have said her life was uneventful. But then everything changed. World War II started around September of 1939. The ten Boom family was not Jewish, but they had a strong moral and could not stand the ways the Jews were treated. The German Blitzkrieg ran through the Netherlands in May 1940 and mistreatment of Jews started in the ten Boom’s town a couple months later (ten Boom, Sherrill, and SherrillRead MoreCorrie Ten Booms The Hiding Place: An Analysis1798 Words   |  7 PagesCorrie ten Booms 1971 book The Hiding Place told the story of an evangelical Christian family in Holland that was involved in Resistance work against the Nazi occupation, including the concealment of Jews from the Nazis. The Ten Boom family had always been sympathetic to Jews long before the rise of Hitler and the Nazi state, and regarded them as a Chosen People who would always have a special place in Gods plans. They were arrested by the Gesta po in 1944, and Corries father, brother, sister andRead MoreComparison of The Hiding Place and Night Essay1156 Words   |  5 Pagesagainst man but it is also a struggle within to find who they truly are and whom they truly believe in. Both main characters, Eli and Corrie, faced something they never knew they could face but only one comes out stronger than the other. The Night was written by Elie Wiesel and The Hiding Place by Corrie Ten Boom. Elie an author-Jew and survivor of the Holocaust describes the excruciating pain he felt during the time spent in concentration camps, and the deep inner fight contained within him. â€Å"DidRead MorePoem Essay : The Hiding Place By Casper Ten Boom862 Words   |  4 PagesYear 9 English The Hiding Place – Casper Ten Boom Casper Ten Boom faith and wisdom helped countless people archive inner peace. He frequently spoke wisely with his daughters, employees, people hiding in his house, his captors and others. Casper had some hard time but with all the skills he has acquired it was a matter of him teaching them. The hiding place was told by Corrie Ten Boom but was written and published by John and Elizabeth Sherril. Casper Ten Boom faith and wisdom helped many people heRead MoreThe Elie Wiesel s The Holocaust1326 Words   |  6 Pagesto give up their lives during the holocaust. The days of horror and torture during this time is to be told by many different writers. Elie Wiesel, Corrie Ten Boom, and Anne Frank, three writers I chose, all wrote books about the holocaust to make it a little bit easier to understand the real life situations they had to go through while in hiding. If it wasn’t for them, people today wouldn’t know the pain and hardships people had to face at that time. The holocaust was a life changing event that shapedRead MoreCorrie Ten Boom in World War II509 Words   |  2 PagesIntroduction This Flyer is based on WWII, and the Ten Boom family. Corrie Ten Boom is one of the family members. Her family and her, helped many people in WWII, and risked their lives to save other people. They helped other people because the Nazis were looking for them. The Family were Christians, and would help anyone no mater what. Early Life Corrie Ten Boom was born on April 15, 1892, in Haarlem, Netherlands. In her family, Corrie was the youngest child. She had one brother, Willem, and twoRead MoreCorrie Ten Boom From The Hiding Place And Anne Frank1012 Words   |  5 PagesCorrie Ten Boom from The Hiding Place and Anne Frank From Anne Frank s Diary were two of the of the many people that were living during the Holocaust period. The Holocaust which took place in the late 1930’s and throughout the 1940’s Adolf Hitler an anti-Jewish man came to power in Germany. During this Germany was in a great depression due to their loss of World War One. Hitler promised restoration and power and he was easily accepted. Once Adolf was in power he began to invade countries aroundRead MoreA Day Of Celebration And Honor2684 Words   |  11 Pagesand honor. The ten Booms were a well-respected family that lived in the Dutch city of Haarlem, as their fathers had before them. The family operated a small watch shop from the first floor of their home on Bartheljorisstraat Street. Their home, known locally as the Beje, had been in their family for generations. The family had gathered to celebrate the hundred year anniversary of opening the watch shop. This was a great day to celebrate the honor of having Casper ten Boom in their lives. Corrie’s

Nietzsche And Jean Sartre s View On The Death Of God

During the 19th and 20th century, Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean Sartre were two of the most prominent existentialist philosophers. The work that these philosophers have contributed to the existentialist school of thought has been regarded as the most ground breaking and controversial views on the meaning of life. This essay will provide a critical analysis of Nietzsche’s famous idea of the â€Å"Death of God† and Sartre’s extensive work on the theory â€Å"existence precedes essence†. In addition, it shall explain why Nietzsche’s claim that without God, life is dull and mediocre is correct, and why life without God is filled with anguish and forlornness, as Sartre believes. To illustrate the tragedy of Gods death, Nietzsche tells a tale of a madman who ran into a busy marketplace yelling, â€Å"I seek god, I seek god† (Nietzsche 1044). After this cry for help, the man was sarcastically ridiculed by the atheist patrons of the marketplace. The madman responded, â€Å"We have killed him, you and I! we are all his murderers.† (Nietzsche 1044). In order to understand Nietzsche’s claim that God is dead, it must be disambiguated with the assertion that God does not exist. Nietzsche is not arguing that God does not exist. Instead, he is making the claim that society no longer subscribes to the institution of religion as the basis of justice and morality, and due to this fact, society has killed God. To provide historical context of this situation, the book Joyful Wisdom, where the death of God isShow MoreRelatedExistentialism1408 Words   |  6 PagesSome of the ways of thinking are linked to some prominent people. There is idealism, natu ralism, experimentalism, and existentialism among others. This essay explores existentialism, which has been postulated by Sartre among others. The other proponents of existentialism include Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, martin Buber, Martin Heidegger and Martin Buber. The weakness and strengths of existentialism are going to be discussed in this essay. The main facets of existentialism that are going to be discussedRead MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pagesdid not possess them, it would cease to be. There are other sorts of properties that an object possesses but that do not make the object what it is. Furthermore, essentialism holds that natural things do have essences. * In the existentialist view, the problem of being must take precedence over that knowledge in philosophical investigations. Being cannot be made a subject of objective enquiry; it is revealed to individual by reflection on his own unique concrete existence in time and space.Read MoreExistentialism And How This Philosophical Theory Has Developed Over The Years1443 Words   |  6 Pagesthe years. After World War 2, this theory became increasingly popular and some of the great philosophers such as Freidrich Nietzsche, Soren Kierkegaard can be said to be the founders of this theory although they, in their lifetime, never accepted this. Therefore they are sometimes called precursors of this movement. Other major philosophers like Albert Camus, Jean-Paul Sartre and Martin Heidegger also deny any association with the movement yet their work is pivotal in bringing this theory to the worldRead MoreQuestions On The And The Doctrine Of God2357 Words   |  10 PagesOn How to Beg God to Exist Man loves God. It is as natural a love to Man as any other is. For millennia the notion of divinity has ruled the minds of peoples the world over, its power to foster social cohesion and social conflict at the heart of its aversion to senescence. However, can such a consequential notion have as its foundation a logical proof? Arguments in the affirmative abound. Let us examine one in particular, that of St. Thomas Aquinas, the Five Ways. As we do this, we will considerRead MoreThemes in Albert Camus quot;The Plague.quot; Essay1799 Words   |  8 PagesNovember 1913 in Mondovi, Algeria to Lucien Camus, whose family had settled in Algeria in 1871, and Catherine Sintes, of Spanish origin. During Camus high school years, he met Jean Grenier, the man who would influence Camus career to the greatest extent by opening his mind to the philosophy of thinkers such as Nietzsche and Bergson. He and Grenier focused much of their writing on the duality of mortality. Still achieving highly at school, Camus received his diploma from the University in philosophyRead More Analysis of Dostoevsky and Nietzsches Literature Essay5384 Words   |  22 PagesAnalysis of Dostoevsky and Nietzsches Literature   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Friedrich Nietzsche once said, â€Å"Dostoevsky, the only one who has taught me anything about psychology.† The two writers share many similarities and differences. Dostoevsky clearly had an effect on the thinking of Nietzsche. The two would be considered both philosophers and psychologists. Both writers became prominent in the late 19th century in Germany and Russia respectively. Dostoevsky was noted for his Russian literary classics and wouldRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Harold Pinter s The Room 9709 Words   |  39 PagesLCC grant. Two years later, in August 1950, he published his first poems in Poetry London, No. 19. The following year, Pinter recommenced his training as an actor at the Central School of Speech and Drama. That very year, he joined the Anew McMaster s famous Irish staging company, well-known for its performances of Shakespeare. From 1950 to 1956, Pinter engaged himself in acting in radio features and theatres. In the course of actin g in theatres, he met the actress Vivien Merchant (whom he later married)Read MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 Pagesup a substantive position with regard to the urgent problems of the present; for according to this view of Marxist method its pre-eminent aim is knowledge of the present. Our preoccupation with methodology in these essays has left little space for an analysis of the concrete problems of the present. For this reason the author would like to take this opportunity to state unequivocally that in his view the experiences of the years of revolution have provided a magnificent confirmation of all the essential

Three Plans For Reconstruction Essay Example For Students

Three Plans For Reconstruction Essay Analysis of the Three Plans For Reconstruction Essay The American Civil War, lasting from 1861-1865, was the most severe military conflict the country had seen; it involved the United States of America (the Union), and eleven secessionist Southern states (the Confederate States of America). The war was the upshot of decades worth of political, social, and economic conflict between the agricultural South, which produced mainly cash crops such as cotton, tobacco, and sugarcane, and the industrial North. The South depended on its four million slaves for its social and economic livelihood, whereas the North despised slavery as immoral and illegal. Even before General Lees surrender in 1865, the federal government was confronted with an acute dilemma, how to reunite the country. First Lincoln, then Johnson, and lastly Congress, imposed their ideas of how best to restore the Union, that is to say properly execute the task of Reconstruction. Reconstruction was initiated by incumbant President Abraham Lincoln before the war ended. On December 8, 1963, Lincoln revealed his rather extremely lenient Reconstruction plan. He proposed to grant a pardon to any confederate (excluding high-ranking officials), who would swear their allegence to the Union and accept the end of slavery. If ten percent of the 1860 voting population had taken the oath, that state would hold a constitutional convention. If the delegates had written a state constitution endorsing the 13th Amendment, that state could be re-admitted to the Union. Andrew Johnson, President Lincolns Vice President, and successor after his assasination in April of 1865, unveiled his own Reconstruction plan on May 29 of the same year. Johnsons plan, which closely resembled Lincolns, said the President would appoint a governor to each state (after ten percent of the 1860 population took the oath Lincoln had prescribed in 1863), who would convene a constitutional convention. At this convention, the state had to write a new constitution, void secession, abolish slavery, ratify the 13th Amendment, and stop the payment of war debts. If given a pardon by the President, former Confederate officers and persons owning land worth over $20,000, could vote. Johnson felt that under his plan, Reconstruction would take a few months; in fact, the belief that his plan was too lenient towards the South -he granted 13,000 pardons in 1865 to former Confederates- seemed to make the idea of a swift Reconstruction at best, improbable. However, the Black Codes imposed by the Southern State governments, as well as the stiff resistance to Reconstruction, infuriated the North. The Black Codes aimed to stifle former slaves freedom by hinder ing their economic options through debt peonage, sharecropping, tenant farming, vagrancy laws, and curfews; in a phrase, slavery by another name. Congress decided to punish the South for their continuous resistance to Reconstruction by scrapping Johnsons failing plan, and establishing Congressional Reconstruction. Congressional Reconstruction was by far the most vindictive, and therefore most loathsome to the South. Over the course of ten years, Congress passed the 13th Amendment (abolishing slavery), and established the Freedmens Bureau in March of 1865 (providing food, medical aid, and education to freed people). It passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 (granting citizenship to blacks, and authorizing the federal government to protect their rights), the 14th Amendment ratified in 1868 (solidifying the Civil Rights Act by defining citizenship and guaranteeing equal protection under the law), and the Reconstruction Acts in 1867. The Reconstruction Acts established Radical Reconstruction, namely by dividing the South (excluding Tennessee) into five military districts, headed by northern generals. Once fifty-one percent of the vot ing population had taken an oath to the constitution, all qualified voters (including blacks) could elect delegates to the constitutional convention. .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925 , .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925 .postImageUrl , .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925 , .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925:hover , .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925:visited , .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925:active { border:0!important; } .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925:active , .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925 .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udbfd389742b14075e31903aff465a925:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marge Piercy Essay Congress continued to use its momentum to further punish the South by ratifying the 15th Amendment in 1870 (determining that voting rights would no longer be denied due to race), passing the Klu Klux Klan Acts of 1871 (outlawing organizations that deny blacks their rights), and lastly, passing the Civil Rights Act of 1875 (protecting blacks rights in public places). The political, economic, and social effects of the three Reconstruction plans differed exponentially. Lincolns plan was the most lenient, and therefore feasable of the three (to the South), despite the Republican pressure for more severe terms. .

WORLD WAR I AND MODERNISM an Example of the Topic History Essays by

WORLD WAR I AND MODERNISM Paul Fussell, author, social critic, historian and a noted University of Pennsylvania Professor of English literature, believes that the World War I was the chief instrument that changed the approach of British literature. His belief was that the war motivated the writers to indulge in creating characters that are fundamentally modern' and their presence changed the basic structure of the literature and British literature lost its innocence. Fussell also suggested that traditional themes were reconstructed and the language of literature also changed along with the themes involved. (Lamb, 227-8) In a way these statements are true and if Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises is taken into consideration then there would be enough evidence to support Fussell's belief. Regina Sweeney's essay La Padique Anastasie: Wartime Censorship and French Bourgeois Mortality published in Douglas Peter Mackaman's World War I and the Cultures of Modernity also supports the fact that the First World War indeed had a profound influence on the modern society. But before we indulge into discussion and analysis it would be relevant to enumerate the variables of modernism or modern society or culture. Need essay sample on "WORLD WAR I AND MODERNISM" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The most distinctive features of Modernism could be enumerated as Universality, development of Political thought, advent of technology and science, different inventions, approach towards Arts, literature, Specified Cultures, distinctive warfare and industry. There are several social and economic factors that make the Modern society different from the Pre Modern Society. These social and economic factors are development of concepts like secularization, decontextualization, totalitarianism, mechanization, democratization, centralization, hierarchical organization, individualism, linear progression, homogenization, diversification, , hybridization, unification, industrial society, reductionism, , universalism, subjectivism, alienation, rationalization, and bureaucracy making the Modernism a complex and intricate civilization and the First World War accelerated the basic norms of this society and developed concepts that could well be termed as cultural revolution. (Fletcher, 118) Another distinctive feature of Modernism is that during the modern era the advent of capital as a means of power came into existence. Previously this place was occupied by land in general. Alongside the advent of capital one of the most interesting feature that came into existence was the high volume of goods movement at a given state of time. In the Pre modern Society this phenomenon was unimaginable and Modern society only made it possible with help of capital and industrialization. Thus a drift from the old society was already in action when the First World War took place. (Fletcher, 299-302) The First World War ended in a period of history that was a time when the world was going through a difficult phase after the horrors of the war. It could be mentioned in the initial stages that it was degeneration time. Imperialism had taken its tolls on the world, which was grilling on the last fires of the World War. The losses were too heavy, and the shocks, almost unbearable. People just lived through a test of the extent organized cruelty and purposeful ruthlessness could reach. As far as the future was concerned, the initial tremors of what would lead to a massive cross across the globe were being felt. In this context it would be relevant to mention that the generation was not finding their existence worth while or in other words they wanted more out of their life for they hardly knew what to believe. They were not able to keep complete faith in religion and neither could they abandon it completely. The pre-war literature like Bram Stoker's Dracula or the detective stories by Arthur Conan Doyle indicates a gothic touch with the aspects of fantasy but the post war works like James Joyce's Ulysses and Hemmingway's The Sun Also Rises presents a whole new world of realism and hard truths about life. The pre war period saw the literary works to be more poetic and romantic in nature and in these texts death was glorified and valor was the fundamental theme. But authors like Joyce and Hemmingway showed in their texts the harsh nature of the world where survival holds the only truth and it was essential to survive and there is no heroism in surviving. They showed that the truth was no longer a romantic affair but it was more of a compulsion for which even lies would work well if that helps in survival. (Fletcher, 344) It was also a regeneration time. Ideological conflicts and military interests were shaking civilization right up to its foundations. The doubts, dilemmas and confusions were gradually, quite slowly indeed, giving way to a new and unique cultural revolution. It was happening all across the Western world. People suddenly seemed to realize that there was enough of political warfare to disgrace humanity. The prevailing standards suddenly seemed to be meaningless, and the insurgent youths wanted something different to happen. This difference was provided by authors like Hemingway. The author's The Sun Also Rises presented exactly what the youth wanted and could be able to identify. This drift of culture is well noted in Regina Sweeney's essay La Padique Anastasie: Wartime Censorship and French Bourgeois Mortality. This essay indicates the development of censorship that was implied on the civilians but the truth of the war was always evident to the soldiers in the war (Mackaman, 7). At the end of the war these experiences were published through the eyes of the soldiers and Hemmingway being a war veteran knew it all and there is no doubt the experience as a soldier and the harsh truth of the war shaped the cultural formulation of Hemmingway and compelled him to pen novels that show the realities of life. In a way his writings become aligned with the thesis laid down by Fussell and Mackaman in the context of literature. It could well be stated that Sweeney's essay in Mackaman's compilation indicates every possible notion of the changing cultural world that ultimately changed the face of literature. This text is a unification of interpretations about the era of the First World War and Sweeney delivers the fundamentals that affected the nations and the shape of the modernization. In this essay it is clear that there were mass discontent among the civilians and they tried to take every opportunity to show their distrust in the authorities no matter how much the state tried to tone down the social and intellectual disgruntlement. Sweeney's essay indicates that this was the vintage point that set the basics of modernism that would ultimately come to age at the end of the war. (Mackaman, 6) Hemmingway's The Sun Also Rises deals with the aspects of values that are buried under the harsh realities of surviving and indicates towards the inability to express emotions in a proper and conventional manner. This novel actually serves as a metaphor that signifies the loss of human values and emotions due to the ruthless nature of the war that was also instrumental in suppressing optimism it its core. It is true that war hardly appears as subject in the novel but the affects can be seen in form of Jake's sexual impotency. (Hemmingway, 356-7) The other characters like Robert Cohn, Michael Campbell and Bill Gorton are found to be juxtaposed in alcoholism and boredom and enthusiasm. Where as character like Brett Ashley appears to be only a subject of lust. It appears to the reader that the generation has almost perished and there were little hope to live with. This hopelessness and the lack of faith and morality emerges as one of the most striking feature of the post war literature and a direct contrast to its pre war counterparts and it can be certainly stated that the First World War was the major influence of this literary transformation. In conclusion it could be stated that the thesis put forward by Paul Fussell and Douglas Peter Mackaman holds sustainable ground and it is true that the Great War indeed was instrumental in shaping the face of modernism. However, it should also be mentioned that the aspects of modernism was already on its way from the time of industrial revolution and birth of capitalism with the assistance of better education and communication means. These aspects were influencing the society and its culture and modernism was on its way but the circumstances of the First World War changed the acceleration of this change and formulated a rapid and revolutionize transfiguration. Indeed, as suggested by Fussell and Mackaman, the First World War transformed literature but the change was already on its way and it was inevitable and the War only accelerated this alteration. References: Lamb, D (ed); Fussell, Paul; The Great War and Modern Memory; Wilber's Selected Political Texts; Bloemfontein: ABP Ltd; 2006 Fletcher, Robert. Cultural Conflicts: Beliefs and Knowledge; Believing and Knowing. Christchurch: Howard & Price. 2006 Mackaman, Douglas Peter (ed.); Sweeney, Regina; La Padique Anastasie: Wartime Censorship and French Bourgeois Mortality; World War I and the Cultures of Modernity; Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi; July 2000 Hemmingway, E; Complete Works of Hemmingway; Vol. IV; Canberra: Alliance Publications; 2005